1. Hordhac

Antimony, oo ah bir muhiim ah oo aan bir ahayn, ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa dab-damiyayaasha, birta, semiconductors-ka iyo meelaha kale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, macdanta antimony ee dabiiciga ah badanaa waxay la mid noqotaa arsenic, taasoo keenta arsenic badan oo ku jira antimony cayriin ah oo si weyn u saameeya waxqabadka iyo codsiyada alaabada antimony. Maqaalkani si nidaamsan ayuu u soo bandhigayaa habab kala duwan oo loogu talagalay ka saarista arsenic ee nadiifinta antimony cayriin, oo ay ku jiraan sifeynta pyrometallurgical, sifeynta hydrometallurgical, iyo sifeynta elektrolytic, isagoo faahfaahinaya mabaadi'dooda, socodka habka, xaaladaha hawlgalka, iyo faa'iidooyinka/khasaaraha.

2. Sifeynta Pyrometallurgical ee Ka saarista Arsenic

2.1 Habka Sifeynta Alkaline

2.1.1 Mabda'a

Habka sifeynta alkaline-ka wuxuu ka saaraa arsenic iyadoo lagu saleynayo falgalka u dhexeeya isku-dhafka birta arsenic iyo alkali si loo sameeyo arsenates. Isle'egyada falcelinta ugu muhiimsan:
2S + 3Na₂CO₃ → 2Na₃AsO₃ + 3CO↑
4S + 5O₂ + 6Na₂CO₃ → 4Na₃AsO₄ + 6CO₂↑

2.1.2 Socodka Hawsha

1. Diyaarinta walxaha ceeriin ah: Ku burburi antimony cayriin ah walxo 5-10mm ah ka dibna ku qas dambaska soodhaha (Na₂CO₃) saamiga cufnaanta 10:1
2. Dhalaal: Ku kululee foorno reverberatory ah ilaa 850-950°C, hayso 2-3 saacadood
3. Oxidation: Soo bandhig hawo la cadaadiyey (cadaadiska 0.2-0.3MPa), heerka socodka 2-3m³/(h·t)
4. Samaynta Slag: Ku dar qadar ku habboon oo milix ah (NaNO₃) oo ah oksaydh, qiyaas 3-5% miisaanka antimony.
5. Ka saarista slag-ka: Ka dib markaad degto 30 daqiiqo, ka saar slag-ka dusha sare
6. Hawlgalka ku celcelinta: Ku celi habka kor ku xusan 2-3 jeer

2.1.3 Xakamaynta Halbeegga Habka

• Xakamaynta heerkulka: Heerkulka ugu Fiican 900±20°C
• Qiyaasta alkaline: Hagaaji iyadoo loo eegayo maadada arsenic, badanaa 8-12% miisaanka antimony
• Waqtiga oksaydheynta: 1-1.5 saacadood wareeg kasta oo oksaydheynta ah

2.1.4 Waxtarka Ka Saarista Arsenic

Waxay yareyn kartaa maadada arsenic laga bilaabo 2-5% ilaa 0.1-0.3%

2.2 Habka Isbeddelka Oksijiinta

2.2.1 Mabda'a

Wuxuu adeegsadaa sifada ah in arsenic oxide (As₂O₃) uu ka dabacsan yahay antimony oxide. Sida₂O₃ uu u dhalaalo 193°C oo keliya, halka Sb₂O₃ uu u baahan yahay 656°C.

2.2.2 Socodka Hawsha

1. Dhaxalka oksaydhaynta: Ku kululee foornada wareega ilaa 600-650°C iyadoo hawo lagu shubayo
2. Daawaynta gaaska qiiqa: Isku ururi oo soo celiya burburka As₂O₃
3. Yaraynta dhalaalka: Yaree walxaha harsan heerkulka 1200°C adigoo isticmaalaya kookaha
4. Sifeynta: Ku dar qadar yar oo dambas soodhaha ah si aad u sii nadiifiso

2.2.3 Qodobbada Muhiimka ah

• Fiirsashada oksijiinta: 21-28%
• Waqtiga degenaanshaha: 4-6 saacadood
• Xawaaraha wareegga foornada: 0.5-1r/daqiiqo

3. Nadiifinta Birta ee Ka saarista Arsenic

3.1 Habka Daadinta Alkali Sulfide

3.1.1 Mabda'a

Wuxuu adeegsadaa sifada ah in arsenic sulfide uu leeyahay milmi sare oo ku jira xalalka alkali sulfide marka loo eego antimony sulfide. Falcelinta ugu weyn:
As₂S₃ + ​​3Na₂S → 2Na₃AsS₃
Sb₂S₃ + ​​Na₂S → Lama milmi karo

3.1.2 Socodka Hawsha

1. Sulfidation: Ku qas budada antimony cayriin iyo sulfur saamiga cufnaanta 1:0.3, ku qas sulfid heerkul ah 500°C muddo 1 saac ah
2. Daadinta: Isticmaal xalka 2mol/L Na₂S, saamiga dareeraha-adag 5:1, ku walaaq 80°C muddo 2 saacadood ah
3. Shaandheyn: Shaandheyn leh cadaadis shaandheeye, haraaga waa urursanaan antimony oo hooseeya
4. Dib-u-soo-noolaynta: Ku soo bandhig H₂S shaandhaynta si aad dib ugu soo noolayso Na₂S

3.1.3 Xaaladaha Habka

• Na₂S-fiirsashada: 1.5-2.5mol/L
• Daadinta pH: 12-13
• Waxtarka daadinta: Sida>90%, khasaaraha Sb <5%

3.2 Habka Loogu Daadiyo Oxidative-ka Asiidhka ah

3.2.1 Mabda'a

Wuxuu adeegsadaa oksaydheynta arsenic ee fudud marka la eego xaaladaha aashitada, isagoo adeegsanaya oksaydhiyeyaasha sida FeCl₃ ama H₂O₂ si loo kala saaro.

3.2.2 Socodka Hawsha

1. Daadinta: Xalka HCl ee 1.5mol/L, ku dar 0.5mol/L FeCl₃, saamiga dareeraha-adag 8:1
2. Xakamaynta suurtagalka ah: Ku hay awoodda oksaydhaynta 400-450mV (marka loo eego SHE)
3. Kala soocidda adag iyo dareeraha: Shaandhaynta faakiyuumka, u dir shaandhada soo kabashada arsenic
4. Dhaqidda: Ku dhaq haraaga shaandhada 3 jeer aashitada hydrochloric-ga khafiifka ah

4. Habka Sifeynta Elektrolitik-ga

4.1 Mabda'a

Wuxuu adeegsadaa farqiga u dhexeeya awoodda dhigista ee u dhaxaysa antimony (+0.212V) iyo arsenic (+0.234V).

4.2 Socodka Hawsha

1. Diyaarinta Anode: Ku shub antimony cayriin ah saxanno anode ah oo 400×600×20mm ah
2. Halabuurka elektrolyte: Sb³⁺ 80g/L, HCl 120g/L, wax lagu daro (gelatin) 0.5g/L
3. Xaaladaha elektrolisiska:
   • Cufnaanta hadda jirta: 120-150A/m²
   • Danabka unugga: 0.4-0.6V
   • Heerkulka: 30-35°C
   • Masaafada elektroodka: 100mm
4. Wareeg: Ka saar unugga 7-10 maalmood kasta

4.3 Tilmaamayaasha Farsamada

• Nadiifnimada antimony-ga Cathode: ≥99.85%
• Heerka ka saarista sunta arsenic: >95%
• Waxtarka hadda jira: 85-90%

5. Tiknoolajiyada Soo Saarista Arsenic-ka ee Soo Kordhaya

5.1 Nadiifinta Faakuumka

Ka yar 0.1-10Pa faakuumka, wuxuu adeegsadaa farqiga cadaadiska uumiga (Sida: 133Pa marka heerkulku yahay 550°C, Sb wuxuu u baahan yahay 1000°C).

5.2 Oksijiinta Balaasma

Wuxuu adeegsadaa balaasma heerkul hooseeya (5000-10000K) oo loogu talagalay oksaydhka arsenic ee la xushay, waqti gaaban oo wax lagu farsameeyo (10-30 daqiiqo), iyo isticmaalka tamarta oo hooseeya.

6. Isbarbardhigga iyo Talooyinka Xulashada Habka

Talooyinka xulashada:

• Quudinta arsenic-ka oo aad u sareysa (Sida> 3%): Waxay door bidaan in alkali sulfide laga saaro
• Arsenic dhexdhexaad ah (0.5-3%): Sifeynta alkaline ama elektrolysis
• Shuruudaha saafiga sare ee arsenic-ka hooseeya: Sifeynta elektaroonigga ah ayaa lagula talinayaa

7. Gunaanad

Ka saarista sunta arsenic-ka ee ka hortagga sunta cayriin waxay u baahan tahay tixgelin dhammaystiran oo ku saabsan astaamaha walxaha ceeriin, shuruudaha badeecadaha, iyo dhaqaalaha. Hababka pyrometallurgical-ka dhaqameedku waxay leeyihiin awood weyn laakiin cadaadis deegaan oo weyn; hababka hydrometallurgical waxay leeyihiin wasakh yar laakiin habab dheer; hababka electrolytic-ga waxay soo saaraan nadiifnimo sare laakiin waxay isticmaalaan tamar badan. Tilmaamaha horumarinta mustaqbalka waxaa ka mid ah:

1. Horumarinta wax-ku-darka isku-dhafan ee hufan
2. Hagaajinta hababka isku-dhafan ee marxaladaha badan leh
3. Hagaajinta isticmaalka kheyraadka arsenic
4. Yaraynta isticmaalka tamarta iyo qiiqa wasakhowga