Tallaabooyinka iyo xuduudaha habka Cadmium

I. Daaweynta Kahor iyo Nadiifinta Asaasiga ah ee Walxaha Cayriin

1. ?Diyaarinta Qudaarta Cadmium oo Nadiif ah?

• ?Dhaqidda Aashitada‌: Ku dhex geli cadmium-ka heerka warshadaha xalka nitric acid 5%-10% heerkul ah 40-60°C muddo 1-2 saacadood ah si aad uga saarto oksaydhka dusha sare iyo wasakhda birta ah. Ku raaci biyo la dhalaaliyay ilaa pH dhexdhexaad ah oo faakiyuum ku qallalo.
• ?Biyaha lagu daadiyo biyaha birta ah‌: Ku daawee qashinka ay ku jirto cadmium (tusaale ahaan, slag-ka naxaasta-cadmium) aashitada sulfuric (15-20% fiirsashada) heerkul ah 80-90°C muddo 4-6 saacadood ah, taasoo ka dhigaysa waxtarka ≥95% cadmium. Shaandhee oo ku dar budada zinc (1.2-1.5 jeer saamiga stoichiometric) si aad u hesho cadmium isbuunyo‌

1. ?Dhalaalidda iyo Tuuridda?

• Ku shub cadmium isbuunyada ah weelasha graphite-ka ee saafiga ah, ku dhalaali jawiga argon 320-350°C, oo ku shub qaabab graphite ah si aad si tartiib ah u qaboojiso. Samee walxo leh cufnaan ≥8.65 g/cm³

II. Sifeynta Aagga

1. ?Qalabka iyo Xawaaraha?

• Isticmaal foornooyinka dhalaalka ee aagga sabeynaya oo leh ballaca aagga dhalaalay oo ah 5-8 mm, xawaaraha dhex mara 3-5 mm/saacaddii, iyo 8-12 marin oo sifeyn ah. Heerkulka heerkulka: 50-80°C/cm; faakiyuum ≤10⁻³ Pa‌
• ?Kala-soocidda Nadaafadda‌: Aagga soo noqnoqda wuxuu dhaafaa sunta rasaasta, zinc, iyo wasakhda kale ee ku taal dabada xuubka. Ka saar qaybta ugu dambeysa ee hodanka ku ah wasakhda 15-20%, taasoo gaareysa daahirnimo dhexdhexaad ah ≥99.999%

1. ?Xakamaynta Muhiimka ah?

• Heerkulka aagga la dhalaaliyay: 400-450°C (wax yar ka sarreeya barta dhalaalka ee cadmium ee 321°C);
• Heerka qaboojinta: 0.5-1.5°C/daqiiqo si loo yareeyo cilladaha shabagga;
• Heerka socodka Argon: 10-15 L/daqiiqo si looga hortago oksaydheynta

III. Sifeynta Elektrolitik

1. ?Qaabaynta Elektrolyte?

• Halabuurka elektrolyte: Cadmium sulfate (CdSO₄, 80-120 g/L) iyo sulfuric acid (pH 2-3), oo leh 0.01-0.05 g/L gelatin lagu daray si loo xoojiyo cufnaanta dhigaalka katooliga‌

1. ?Halbeegyada Hab-raaca?

• Anood: Saxan cadmium cayriin ah; Katoode: Saxan Titanium ah;
• Cufnaanta hadda jirta: 80-120 A/m²; Danabka unugga: 2.0-2.5 V;
• Heerkulka elektrolisiska: 30-40°C; Muddada: 48-72 saacadood; Nadiifnimada Katooliga ≥99.99%‌

IV. Nuqulaynta Yaraynta Faakuumka

1. ?Yaraynta iyo Kala-soocidda Heerkulka Sare?

• Ku rid cadmium ingots foorno faaruq ah (cadaadis ≤10⁻² Pa), ku shub haydarojiin sidii wax soo saar, oo ku kululee 800-1000°C si aad u yareyso oksaydhka cadmium una dhigto cadmium gaseous ah. Heerkulka kondenserka: 200-250°C; Nadiifnimada kama dambaysta ah ≥99.9995%

1. ?Waxtarka Ka Saarista Wasakhda?

• Rasaasta haraaga ah, naxaasta, iyo wasakhda kale ee birta ah ≤0.1 ppm;
• Tirada oksijiinta ≤5 ppm‌

V. Czochralski Kobaca Keli ah ee Crystal

1. ?Diyaarinta Xakamaynta Dhalmada iyo Biyo-dhalaalka?

• Ku shub qaybaha cadmium ee saafiga ah ee sare weelasha quartz-ka ee saafiga ah, ku dhalaali argon hoostiisa heerkul ah 340-360°C. Isticmaal iniinyaha cadmium ee hal-kristaalka ah ee <100> (dhexroorka 5-8 mm), oo hore loogu shiiday 800°C si aad u tirtirto walbahaarka gudaha.

1. ?Halbeegyada Jiidista ee Crystal?

• Xawaaraha jiidista: 1.0-1.5 mm/daqiiqo (marxaladda bilowga ah), 0.3-0.5 mm/daqiiqo (kobac joogto ah);
• Wareegga la isku wareejin karo: 5-10 rpm (ka-hortagga wareegga);
• Heerkulka: 2-5°C/mm; Isbedelka heerkulka isku-dhafka adag iyo dareeraha ≤±0.5°C‌

1. ?Farsamooyinka Xakamaynta Cilladaha?

• ?Kaalmada Goobta Birlabta‌: Mari goob birlabeed oo 0.2-0.5 T ah si aad u xakamayso isbeddelka dhalaalka iyo yareynta wasakhda;
• ?Qaboojinta La XakameeyayHeerka qaboojinta ka dib koritaanka oo ah 10-20°C/saacaddii waxay yareysaa cilladaha kala-baxa ee ay keento cadaadiska kulaylka‌.

VI. Kadib Habaynta iyo Xakamaynta Tayada

1. ?Mashiinka Kirismaska?

• ?Jarid‌: Isticmaal miinshaar silig dheeman ah si aad u jarto wafer 0.5-1.0 mm ah oo xawaare silig ah 20-30 m/s;
• ?Nadiifinta‌: Nadiifinta farsamada kiimikada (CMP) oo leh isku darka nitric acid-ethanol (saamiga 1:5 vol.), oo gaaraya qallafsanaanta dusha sare ee Ra ≤0.5 nm.

1. ?Heerarka Tayada?

• ?Daahirnimo‌: GDMS (Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry) waxay xaqiijisaa Fe, Cu, Pb ≤0.1 ppm;
• ?Iska caabin‌: ≤5×10⁻⁸ Ω·m (daahirnimo ≥99.9999%);
• ?Jihaynta Kiristarada‌: Kala-go' <0.5°; Cufnaanta kala-go'a ≤10³/cm²

VII. Tilmaamaha Hagaajinta Habka

1. ?Ka saarista Wasakhda La Beegsaday?

• Isticmaal resin-ka is-weydaarsiga ion-ka si aad u doorato nuugista Cu, Fe, iwm., oo lagu daray sifeynta aag badan oo marxalado ah si aad u gaarto daahirnimo heer 6N ah (99.9999%)‌

1. ?Casriyeynta Otomaatigga?

• Algorithms-ka AI waxay si firfircoon u hagaajiyaan xawaaraha jiidista, heerarka heerkulka, iwm., iyagoo kordhinaya wax soo saarka laga bilaabo 85% ilaa 93%;
• Kor u qaad cabbirka shidaalka ilaa 36 inji, taasoo suurtogalinaysa quudin hal dufcad ah oo ah 2800 kg, yaraynta isticmaalka tamarta ilaa 80 kWh/kg

1. ?Waarta iyo Soo Celinta Kheyraadka?

• Dib u soo noolee qashinka aashitada lagu dhaqo iyada oo loo marayo is-weydaarsiga ion (soo kabashada Cd ≥99.5%);
• Gaasaska qiiqa ku daawee nuugista kaarboonka firfircoon + xoqidda alkaline (soo kabashada uumiga Cd ≥98%)‌

Soo Koobid

Habka koritaanka iyo nadiifinta kiristaalka cadmium wuxuu isku daraa hydrometallurgy, sifeynta jirka ee heerkulka sare leh, iyo tiknoolajiyada koritaanka kiristaalka saxda ah. Iyada oo loo marayo nadiifinta aashitada, sifeynta aagga, elektrolysis, sifeynta faakiyuumka, iyo koritaanka Czochralski - oo ay weheliso otomaatiga iyo dhaqamada deegaanka u fiican - waxay suurtogal ka dhigaysaa soo saarista xasilloon ee kiristaalka hal-halka cadmium ee 6N-heer aad u saafi ah. Kuwani waxay daboolayaan baahiyaha qalabka wax lagu ogaado nukliyeerka, walxaha sawir-qaadista, iyo aaladaha semiconductor-ka ee horumarsan. Horumarka mustaqbalka wuxuu diiradda saari doonaa koritaanka kiristaalka ee baaxadda weyn, kala-soocidda wasakhda la beegsaday, iyo wax soo saarka kaarboon-yar.